20 pages, 18 figures. Submitted to Physics of Plasmas
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are some of the most energetic and violent events in our solar system. The prediction and understanding of CMEs is of particular importance due to the impact that they can have on Earth-based satellite systems, and in extreme cases, ground-based electronics. CMEs often occur when long-lived magnetic flux ropes (MFRs) anchored to the solar surface destabilize and erupt away from the Sun. One potential cause for these eruptions is an ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instability such as the kink or torus instability. Previous experiments on the Magnetic Reconnection eXperiment (MRX) revealed a class of MFRs that were torus-unstable but kink-stable, which failed to erupt. These "failed-tori" went through a process similar to Taylor relaxation where the toroidal current was redistributed before the eruption ultimately failed. We have investigated this behavior through additional diagnostics that measure the current distribution at the foot points and the energy distribution before and after an event. These measurements indicate that ideal MHD effects are sufficient to explain the energy distribution changes during failed torus events. This excludes Taylor relaxation as a possible mechanism of current redistribution during an event. A new model that only requires non-ideal effects in a thin layer above the electrodes is presented to explain the observed phenomena. This work broadens our understanding of the stability of MFRs and the mechanism behind the failed torus through the improved prediction of the torus instability and through new diagnostics to measure the energy inventory and current profile at the foot points.
11+7 pages, 9+7 figures, 1 table, submitted to MNRAS
In general relativistic magneto-hydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations, accreted magnetic flux on the black hole horizon episodically decays, during which magnetic reconnection heats up the plasma near the horizon, potentially powering high-energy flares like those observed in M87* and Sgr A*. We study the mm observational counterparts of such flaring episodes. The change in 230 GHz flux during the expected high energy flares depends primarily on the efficiency of accelerating $\gamma \gtrsim 100$ ($T_e \gtrsim 10^{11}$ K) electrons. For models in which the electrons are heated to $T_e \sim 10^{11}$ K during flares, the hot plasma produced by reconnection significantly enhances 230 GHz emission and increases the size of the 230 GHz image. By contrast, for models in which the electrons are heated to higher temperatures (which we argue are better motivated), the reconnection-heated plasma is too hot to produce significant 230 GHz synchrotron emission, and the 230 GHz flux decreases during high energy flares. We do not find a significant change in the mm polarization during flares as long as the emission is Faraday thin. We also present expectations for the ring-shaped image as observed by the Event Horizon Telescope during flares, as well as multi-wavelength synchrotron spectra. Our results highlight several limitations of standard post-processing prescriptions for the electron temperature in GRMHD simulations. We also discuss the implications of our results for current and future observations of flares in Sgr A*, M87*, and related systems. Appendices contain detailed convergence studies with respect to resolution and plasma magnetization.
The recent searches for z>11 galaxies using the James Webb Space Telescope have resulted in an unexpectedly high number of candidate objects, which imply at least an order of magnitude higher number density of $z>11$ galaxies than the previously favored predictions. A question has risen whether there are some new types of contaminants among these candidates. The candidate sample of Yan et al. (2023a), totalling 87 dropouts, is the largest one, and we notice that a number of these candidates are point-like. We hypothesize that the point-source dropouts could be supernovae at high redshifts. Further investigation shows that most of their spectral energy distributions indeed can be explained by supernovae at various redshifts from z ~ 1--15, which lends support to this hypothesis. Attributing such point-source dropouts to supernova contamination cannot eliminate the tension, however, because they only account for ~10% of the Yan et al.'s sample. On the other hand, the discovery of "contaminant" supernovae at $z>3$ will have a series of important implications. Ironically, the existence of supernovae at $z>10$ would still imply that the previously favored picture of early galaxy formation severely underestimates the global star formation rate density such redshifts. Multiple-epoch JWST imaging will be the simplest and yet the most efficient way to further test this hypothesis.
Accepted for publication in JATIS, SPIE
8 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables
16 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics
6 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS Letters
Accepted for publication in A&A Letters
Submitted to ApJ. Comments are welcome and follow-up observations are encouraged!
19 pages, 7 figures, 7 tables, submitted to ApJ
Accepted to Physical Review D
13 pages, 7 figures. Submitted to ApJ
9 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJL
21 pages, 33 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics on 17 January 2023
11 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in ApJL
Accepted in ApJ on 27th December 2022
35 pages, 14 figures, invited review, submitted to Galaxies
14 pages, 3 tables, 5 figures, accepted by Astronomy Reports
Accepted for The Astrophysical Journal
9 pages, 4 figures, accepted by ApJ
24 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, submitted to MNRAS
Submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics, comments wellcome
7 pages, 3 figures
28 pages, 20 Figures. Submitted to MNRAS
Accepted for publication in the Physics journal
18 pages, 13 figures. Submitted to MNRAS
6 pages, 4 figures, 1 table
submitted to A&A
Published as an open access article in the MDPI journal Atoms
To appear in Nature Astronomy on January 23rd, 2023. 33 pages, 16 figures, 3 tables; includes extended and supplemental data sections. Part of the JWST Ice Age Early Release Science program's science enabling products. Enhanced spectra downloadable on Zenodo at the following DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7501239
24 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables, Accepted for publication in ApJ
20 pages, 5 figures, submitted to PRD
to appear on MemSAIt, vol 94. Proceedings of the Hack100 Conference: Past, Present and Future of Astrophysical Spectroscopy, 6-10 June 2022, Trieste, Italy
21 pages. To be published in the Astrophysical Journal
47 pages, 32 figures; ApJ accepted
14 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables
Accepted for publication in ApJ
Accepted for publication in A&A. Abstract abridged
15 pages, 10 figures, resubmitted to A&A after addressing the referee comments
25 pages plus appendices (total 33 pages), 12 figures
to be published in Astronomy and Computing
16 pages, 6 figures, 1 table
10 pages, 13 figures. Accepted by A&A journal
Accepted for publication in ApJ
6 pages, 2 figures
submitted to Monthly notices of the royal astronomical society
6 figures, 7 pages
31 pages, 23 figures, Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
21 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to ApJL Focus Issue
14 pages, 17 figures. Paper 10 in the First Light and Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) series
36 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for Astronomical Journal
11 pages, 6 figures, MNRAS accepted
13 pages, 3 Tables, 8 Figures, to be submitted to ApJ
16 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
17 pages, 10 figures, 5 tables
18 pages, 10 figures, 5 tables. Under review in the Astrophysical Journal
15 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS
16 pages, 25 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics
10 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics
13 pages, 10 figures, 5 tables. Comments welcome
13 pages, 5 figure, 4 tables, submitted for publication
11 pages, 5 figures
25 pages, 6 figures
14 pages, 6 figures; plus 18-page SI with figures and linked videos
23 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2111.09070
5 pages,2 figures
12 pages, 6 figures, 1 Table
18 pages, 0 figures